The role of emotions in the maintenance of cooperative behaviors

¹ Theoretical Biology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen Groningen, The Netherlands
² Network Analysis and Control Group, Institute for Industrial Engineering, University of Groningen Groningen, The Netherlands

Received: 8 January 2014
Accepted: 28 March 2014

Abstract

Our attention is focused on how individual emotions influence collective behaviors, which captures an aspect of reality missing from past studies: free riders may suffer some stress, which could adapt jointly with the individual stress intensity and size of the gaming group. With an evolutionary game theoretical approach, we gain the fixation probability for one mutant cooperator to invade and dominate the whole defecting population. When the stress intensity exceeds a threshold, natural selection favors cooperators replacing defectors in a finite population. We further infer that lower stress intensity is sufficient for one mutant cooperator to become fixed with an advantageous probability in a larger population. Moreover, when the gaming group is smaller than the population size, the more the return from the public goods, the lower the threshold of stress intensity required to facilitate the full dominance of cooperators. We hope our studies may show that individual sentiments or psychological activities will open up novel explanations for the puzzle of collective actions.