Each state in a one-dimensional disordered system has two localization lengths when the Hilbert space is constrained

Institute of Theoretical Physics, Nanjing Normal University - Nanjing 210023, PRC

^(a) E-mail: xiongye@njnu.edu.cn (corresponding author)

Received: 23 March 2023
Accepted: 17 August 2023

Abstract

In disordered systems, the amplitudes of the localized states will decrease exponentially away from their centers and the localization lengths characterize such decrease. In this paper, we find a model in which each eigenstate is decreasing at two distinct rates. The model is a one-dimensional disordered system with a constrained Hilbert space: all eigenstates should be orthogonal to a state , where is a given exponentially localized state. Although the dimension of the Hilbert space is only reduced by 1, the amplitude of each state will decrease at one rate near its center and at another rate in the rest of the region. Depending on , it is also possible that all states are changed from localized states to extended states. In such a case, the level spacing distribution is different from that of the three well-known ensembles of the random matrices. This indicates that a new ensemble of random matrices exists in this model. Finally we discuss the physics behind such phenomena and propose an experiment to observe them.