| Issue |
EPL
Volume 149, Number 2, January 2025
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | 21001 | |
| Number of page(s) | 7 | |
| Section | Statistical physics and networks | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/ad9ac9 | |
| Published online | 02 January 2025 | |
Macroscopic arrow of time from multiscale perspectives
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology - Kanpur 208016, India
Received: 30 July 2024
Accepted: 5 December 2024
Fundamental laws of physics are symmetric under time reversal (T) symmetry, but the T symmetry is strongly broken in the macroscopic world. In this Perspective, I review T symmetry breaking frameworks: second law of thermodynamics, multiscale energy transfer, and open systems. In driven dissipative nonequilibrium systems, including turbulence, the multiscale energy flux from large scales to small scales helps determine the arrow of time. In addition, open systems are often irreversible due to particle and energy exchanges between the system and the environment. Causality is another important factor that breaks the T symmetry.
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