Ornstein-Uhlenbeck information swimmers with external and internal feedback controls

¹ Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
² Oujiang Laboratory - Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
³ Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Beijing 100190, China
⁴ Department of Physics, Wenzhou University - Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
⁵ Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University - Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

Received: 19 January 2025
Accepted: 25 March 2025

Abstract

Using an underdamped active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particle, we propose two information swimmer models having either external or internal feedback control and perform their numerical simulations. Depending on the velocity that is measured after every fixed time interval (measurement time), the friction coefficient is modified in the externally controlled model, whereas the persistence time for the activity is changed in the internally controlled one. In the steady state, both of these information swimmers acquire finite average velocities in the noisy environment, and their efficiencies can be maximized by tuning the measurement time. The internally controlled swimmer can generally achieve a larger velocity and efficiency than the externally controlled one when the active fluctuation is large.