Ion-acoustic localized structures in a magnetized two-temperature electrons plasma with Cairns distribution

¹ Department of Physics, Government Post Graduate College Nowshera - Nowshera 24100, Pakistan
² Department of Physics, Government Post Graduate College Mardan - Mardan 23200, Pakistan
³ Department of Physics, King Khalid University - Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia

Received: 6 July 2025
Accepted: 17 September 2025

Abstract

This study investigates ion-acoustic (IA) solitary waves (SWs) in a magnetized plasma composed of positive ions and two electron populations following the Cairns distribution. Using the reductive perturbation technique (RPT), we derive and solve a nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation to analyze the characteristics of these waves. Our findings reveal that the system can support both compressive (positive) and rarefactive (negative) potential solitons. The wave's amplitude, width, and existence are significantly influenced by plasma parameters, including the cold-to-hot electron temperature ratio (σ), the cold electron-to-ion density ratio (f), and the cold electrons nonthermality parameter (β_c). We also demonstrate that the strength of the external magnetic field (Ω) and obliqueness (θ) plays a crucial role in determining the wave's characteristics. These results are relevant for understanding electrostatic wave structures observed in astrophysical environments like Saturn's magnetosphere.