High-frequency electrostatic periodic waves in unmagnetized nonthermal plasmas having nonextensive distribution

¹ Department of Physics, Bacha Khan University - Charsadda, Pakistan
² Department of Physics, Government Post Graduate College Nowshera - Nowshera 24100, Pakistan
³ Department of Physics, King Khalid University - Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia

Received: 17 June 2025
Accepted: 29 September 2025

Abstract

In this study, the characteristic of nonlinear cnoidal waves in collisionless, nonmagnetic, and homogeneous plasma comprising cold inertial electrons, inertialess hot nonextensive q-distributed electrons, and stationary background ions are reported. The reductive perturbation approach is employed with the aim of deriving the evolution equation in the form of the Korteweg-de Vries equation. Subsequently, the cnoidal wave solution of the Korteweg-de Vries equation is obtained. In the limiting case, this solution reduces to the solitary wave (soliton) solution. The influence of key plasma parameters specifically, the hot-to-cold electron density ratio α and the nonextensivity parameter q on the characteristics of electron-acoustic cnoidal waves is systematically investigated. This analysis provides valuable physical insights into the role of nonequilibrium statistics in wave propagation. Our findings are relevant to understanding wave phenomena in various space and astrophysical environments characterized by nonextensive electron populations, providing a theoretical foundation for the interpretation of observational data.